It is often difficult and costly to obtain individual-level student achievement data, yet, researchers are frequently reluctant to use school-level achievement data that are widely available from ...

The proposed test is distribution-free in finite samples. While most existing two-sample tests perform poorly or are even inapplicable to high-dimensional data, our test can be conveniently used in ...

Aggregate reports of total tests and the manually entered patient-level testing data are not included in the calculation.