As allegations of data mishandling surge, universities and journals are playing catch-up and are considering AI tools to head off such problems in the first place.

The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston will retract six studies and correct 31 others following allegations of data manipulation.

Calonge said the initial chemist who resigned had worked for the state for 20 years. The second employee linked to the data manipulation issues was a 35-year veteran of the state health department.

Novartis said an internal probe of data manipulation at one of its drug-development units was hindered by two brothers, both senior researchers whom it later fired.